Análise comparativa dos fármacos utilizados na asma em adultos: uma revisão integrativa

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a very prevalent conditions in clinical practice, affecting approximately 10% of the Brazilian population. It is generally characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the lower airways, leading to variable airflow limitation that could be tratable ou spontaneously reversible, and classic symptoms are wheezing, dyspnea, chest tightness, and coughing. These symptoms can be controlled with pharmacological treatments and environmental measures. However, airflow limitation may persist and result in permanent lung function impairment if exacerbations are inadequately or insufficiently treated. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to compare the pharmacological treatments available for asthma in adults, addressing both exacerbation management and maintenance therapy, comparing classical and new dosages, and discussing updated disease management approaches. METHODOLOGY: An integrative literature review was conducted, based on full-text articles published between 2019 and 2025 in the following databases: PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS, using the descriptors: "asthma" and "drugs." Additionally, editions of the GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines from 2000 to 2025 were consulted. RESULTS: The comparative analysis showed significant advances in the efficacy and safety of available therapies. Inhaled corticosteroids remain the base of treatment; their combination with long-acting bronchodilators has proven superior in disease control; muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) and biologics have expanded therapeutic options for severe cases; and complementary therapies have been incorporated in specific situations. CONCLUSION: Treatment choice should be personalized for each patient, and therapeutic options must be continuously improved to better control inflammation and prevent exacerbations, following an evidence-based approach.