Estudo epidemiológico das malformações congênitas do sistema urogenital no Piauí de 2012 a 2021 e as variáveis maternofetais envolvidas

Abstract

Congenital malformations are structural or functional modifications that occur in organs or systems and correspond to the second leading cause of child death in Brazil. Among the various types of malformations, urogenital malformations stand out due to the lack of research and data currently available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the epidemiological profile of this type of malformation in newborns in Piauí, relating its occurrence with maternal-fetal variables. Therefore, a cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out with data from the Live Birth Information System, which evaluated the prevalence of cases of urogenital anomalies in terms of maternal-fetal variables and their spatial distribution from 2012 to 2021. The variables evaluated were: sex, color/race, maternal age, education, marital status, prenatal care, type of pregnancy, gestational duration, type of delivery and 1st and 5th minute Apgar. Of the 475,742 live births in the period, 0.68% had malformations, 10% of which were urogenital. The most common types included undescended testicle, hypospadias, and male genital malformations. Maternal-fetal analysis revealed higher rates of malformations in males and in indigenous and yellow colors/races. Mothers between 20 and 39 years old and with high levels of education accounted for 12.4% of cases. Marital status, prenatal care and type of birth also appeared as the most present variables. In double pregnancies, there was an increase in risk of 0.97%. Finally, the length of pregnancy related to prematurity was also associated with a greater occurrence of urogenital malformations. As for the spatial analysis, it revealed disparities between municipalities, highlighting the highest occurrence of cases in Teresina (34.8%), followed by Parnaíba (3.9%) and Picos (3.6%). In this way, the study was able to outline the epidemiological profile of congenital urogenital malformations in Piauí. Understanding this scenario is crucial for designing preventive strategies, in addition to guiding health practices and planning, highlighting the need for specific approaches for each region.